Jordan Peele’s Reinvention of Modern-Day American Horror by Chanice Posada

Introduction:

American horror is a melting pot of tropes and cinematic classics. From gore, fantasy, surrealism, and the supernatural; all have something to draw out of an audience and evoke emotion. Horror is not only meant to entertain but instead to challenge your mind and approach fears with new insight and knowledge. Horror genres like realism build off of the feed of real-world events and fears/ occurrences that could happen in real life. The logic that events that play out before your eyes on screen could happen in real life is not comforting, but only a little more malicious. Jordan Peele has managed to create films that use the common American horror tropes and uses them to mirror the horror of racism in America. These are shown in his films and comedy sketches in his discography.

Get Out:

Many classic horror tropes are used here. Most notably, the usage of the “missing white woman syndrome”. Artfully pivoted to cater to the opposite, in the case of Chris, the main character of the movie. The movie utilizes great references to older films that have come before it to insinuate that we face many of the same racial issues today. Scenes from Get Out and older films like, “Guess Who’s coming to dinner, Rosemary’s baby, and past comedic skits were well represented in the film. 

Social Horror: 

Peele distinguishes himself from most horror while using classical elements to reintroduce an old form of horror that has become lost through the decades. Peele reinvents the genre, Social Thriller. He explores the conflicts of man vs society well. Much like the policing of women’s bodies in Rosemary’s baby. Peele teaches us through film that horror is not that far from home and that villains and evil can be disguised as privileged white women or creepy amusement parks.

Us:

Peele stays true to his incorporation of black culture and dilemmas within the film but instead chooses to opt-out of the common trope of Black fear. Instead, he constructs a world built of yet another classic horror trope, the evil doppelganger. He pays more homage to older Tv shows, like the twilight zone in his scenes. He reinvents these classic ideas to accommodate new political ideas or at times, redefine them for modern-day digestion. His usage of the tethered in this movie may seem sinister and evil, but there are certainly political connections to the world of prosperity and the poor living beneath us. In many ways, Us is a classic slasher film with deeper meanings. Also, reversing the roles that Black characters play in the genre of horror.

Discussion Questions: 

  1. In what ways does Jordan Peele create a balance between humor and horror in his films? 
  2. How do horror and humor work together in the horror genre? 

The Horror of Female Rage: A Study of Jennifer’s Body by Pearl Reagler

Jennifer’s Body is a 2009 horror film written by Diablo Cody and directed by Karyn Kusama. The marketing campaign for the film capitalized heavily on the starring actress, Megan Fox, and her status as a sex symbol for straight men after the release of the Transformer films which focused heavily on appealing to the traditional male gaze, capitalizing on violence and objectification. Seeing that Fox already had a large male following due to her role in these films, it seemed obvious that Jennifer’s Body would also appeal to the male gaze. Even the title of the film points obviously towards objectification. 

However, after the film was released it gained less than stellar reviews from male audiences. Here are some quotes from reviews on the movie written by men. 

From the professional: 

From the opening crotch shot to every bare-midriff moment that follows, that’s all “Jennifer’s Body” is — Jennifer’s body, nothing more, nothing less. 

From here.

When you win an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay, as Diablo Cody did with her debut script for Juno in 2007, you have reason to feel confident in your talent. For Cody, this turns out to be a dangerous prospect. 

From here.

And from the less eloquent: 

i dont like megan fox. she didnt get me boners 

The movie was really got awful stupid and I did not enjoy one little bit of this it was not scary in any way not even almost one little bit..I just spent that the whole movie was never but a piece of crash it was dumb as hell nothing about it was scary ..20 min maybe even less than that was was the only good part my my biggest complained about it was is not scary it wasn’t cool it was the most stupidest thing I ever watched it I think whoever made that movie should stop 

So why did the demographic that the film seemed to be targeted towards feel so disappointed and repulsed? Sure, films sometimes aren’t received by audiences as expected but Jennifer’s Body wasn’t just disliked by its male audience. It was despised. This is because Jennifer’s Body exposes audiences to a truly terrifying concept: female rage. 

Female rage has been used as a device for the horrific and grotesque since humans have told stories. From the Maenads, wild and beautiful party sprites who would rip the men who wronged them limb from limb, to Sirens deceiving and drowning sailors, to European lore of witches, female rebellion has always inspired fear, especially in male audiences. This trope goes well beyond ancient myths and seeps into our modern media as well with characters like Amy Dune from Gone Girl and Seiko Osabe from the manga Blood on the Tracks being notable examples. 

The question is: why is female rage scary? There are many examples of angry men in the media but depictions of male rage span many genres and are explored beyond the lens of horror with nuance and empathy. In society, male rage is more accepted in general, with boys being encouraged to express anger and girls being told to bottle it up. In an article for the Guardian Soraya Chemaly explains this phenomena in further detail. 

Educators and psychologists studying these dynamics note that in girls, assertiveness, aggression and anger are often conflated so that girls who defend themselves, hold strong opinions and are competitive and verbally self-assured are frequently pegged by adults as rude, belligerent, confrontational and uncooperative. However, in boys, the same behaviours are often seen as signs of leadership, confidence and creative disruption. 

From here.

This is because in the eyes of the patriarchy, female rage signifies a potential rebellion against the status quo. If a woman is free to express her rage about day to day issues, she will eventually also feel empowered to express her rage with the systematic oppression she faces on a larger scale. Female rage is taboo because it represents brazen rebellion against the patriarchy. It foreshadows a potential loss of power for men, and therefore leads to feelings of discomfort, disgust, and fear, all of which are elements of horror… 

Jennifer’s Body is aware that many men will not willingly watch a film glorifying female rage. Because of this it sets a trap, mimicking what Jennifer herself does to the men in the movie. First the film, like Jennifer, lures men in with the promise of catering to their gaze. The male audience, like the men in the film, are attracted to Jennifer because they see her as a mindless object with no initiative or control over her own sexuality, a character created for them to enjoy. Then the script is violently flipped and it’s revealed that Jennifer has been in control the entire time. In the film, the men themselves are ripped to shreds and with them goes the patriarchal ideas that drew many male viewers to the film initially. Viewers see themselves mirrored by the male characters on screen and are repulsed by this forced accountability. 

Despite the fact that Jennifer’s Body wasn’t well loved when it was released, recently it has been getting the respect it deserves in popular culture. Costumes of the characters sell for hundreds of dollars and articles are being published in major magazines defending the film and hailing it as a feminist masterpiece. On the tenth anniversary of the film, writer Diablo Cody said this: “I’m glad that we’ve seen a shift in the collective consciousness and now people are able to retroactively appreciate it.”

Finding the Courage: The Dream Sequence from Courage the Cowardly Dog’s “Perfect” by Isobel Perez

Courage the Cowardly Dog had its fair share of nightmare inducing episodes during it’s airtime from 1999-2002 and during its reruns following 2005. However, despite the horror that went into creating each individual episode, the image that remains imprinted in my mind whenever I think about Courage the Cowardly Dog comes from the series’ last episode, “Perfect.” 

While a majority of Courage the Cowardly Dog deals with monsters, ghouls, and dangerous entities (i.e. physical, tangible fears), “Perfect” deals with fears that exist more in the subconscious than in reality. I don’t think I ever realized this as a child watching the episode, but in retrospect, the fears depicted in Courage’s dream sequence are quite mature (and by mature, I don’t mean to say that only adults or mature people can experience these fears, but rather that these fears are usually only tackled by shows that are typically targeted towards older demographics; usually, children’s horror tends to have fears be physical things that the protagonist can face and defeat– think Scooby Doo; the mask is pulled off, the monster’s no longer a monster, the end). 

However, even though I didn’t quite realize what the dreams in Courage’s dream sequence were supposed to symbolize, I was still absolutely terrified. Courage the Cowardly Dog’s “Perfect,” and most of its other episodes, works on two levels: one, its imagery and two, its underlying messages. 

Courage The Cowardly Dog | Nobody’s Perfect | Cartoon Network 

To start, the images contained in Courage’s dream sequence. Courage’s dreams open up with an image that continues to disturb me to this day: a weird… floating… head? 

Part of why this image was so terrifying to me as a child was the fact that we have no idea what this is supposed to be. It looks like an odd abstract sculpture, but it’s also floating and moving in water, giving it the impression of being a living organism. Then, it speaks and repeats: “You’re not perfect.” Its hopeless, sad look accompanied by this ominous message we assume is directed at Courage had me terrified as a child. This dream came out of nowhere, seeming to stem from no other part of the episode, and then it’s gone. The dream ends with Courage screaming and falling back asleep. 

Then Courage has four other dreams, none of which scared me as much as the floating head dream, but which I’ve come to appreciate more in relation with the rest of the episode. The second dream involves Courage being dressed as the lion, the tin man, the scarecrow, and the witch from the Wizard of Oz. The third dream involves disturbing images floating down from the sky. The fourth dream involves Courage juggling in front of a crowd of people, and finally, the fifth dream involves Courage dropping a vase and causing Muriel to shatter into pieces.

The scariest aspects of these dreams, at least for me, involve the quick shift between different settings and the use of different mediums and styles to produce each dream. These shifts and changes cause the viewer to become anxious in anticipation, resulting in fear. 

As I previously said, when I was younger, I didn’t ever try to understand why these dreams were depicted the way they were or why they were included in the first place. To young Iso, these dreams were just disturbing, and creepy. They were something I covered my eyes at or fast forwarded through. Now, however, I appreciate these dreams, and the episode as a whole, for the underlying message it has. 

The entire episode deals with Courage feeling as though he’s a disappointment which stems from him continuously making mistakes and from Eustace literally calling him a disappointment. Eventually, this feeling manifests itself in the form of a terrifying looking woman who places Courage into a perfection school to help him become a perfect dog. Although it would originally seem as though this woman were physically there, it’s hinted at that this woman exists solely in Courage’s head, an embodiment of his self-consciousness. 

Then comes the dreams. Here comes my quick interpretations of Courage’s dreams and the fears they entail. Although I wouldn’t say that this is exactly a fear, the first dream seems to reflect the disappointment Courage feels in himself. The second dream further outlines this disappointment Courage feels: the scarecrow has no brain, symbolizing how Courage feels stupid; the tin man has no heart, symbolizing how Courage feels as though he’s not worthy of love; and the lion has no courage, symbolizing how Courag feels as though he has no courage. The third dream is a lot more abstract, but the image that we zoom in on has a message written on it that says “right now,” which I think symbolizes how Courage felt an immense amount of pressure to change himself right then and there. In the fourth dream, Courage embarasses himself while juggling, symbolizing his fear of embarrassing himself as a result of his imperfection. Finally, in the fifth dream Courage’s mistake results in Muriel being injured, reflecting how Courage fears disappointing his loved ones and his mistakes hurting others. 

These are fears that children also face but that most children’s horror doesn’t represent. Children’s horror allows children to safely face their fears, and through representing these less physical fears and still finding a way to resolve them by the end of the episode (a fish telling Courage that his imperfections make him perfect and the teacher dissolving into a puddle), Courage the Cowardly Dog’s “Perfect” taught children that their imperfections and insecurities were things they could face without feeling shame. 

1. Within Stephen King’s Carrie, Carrie’s mother shames Carrie for having her first period. How does shame work within horror? 

2. If you watched any sort of children’s horror as a child, what scared you about it? What techniques did the show’s creators use to make the show scary but not too scary to be considered outside of children’s horror? If you rewatched those same scenes now, would you still be scared?

The Many Branches of Religious Horror by Hank Odell

And I beheld when he had opened the sixth seal, and, lo, there was a great earthquake; and the sun became black as sackcloth of hair, and the moon became as blood; And the stars of the heavens fell unto the earth, even as a fig tree casteth her untimely figs, when she is shaken of a mighty wind. 

And the heavens departed as a scroll when it is rolled together; and every mountain and island were moved out of their places.

— Revelation 6:12-14, King James Version 

While the Bible is loaded with images that one could (and probably should) find horrific — Lot’s unnamed wife getting turned to a pillar of salt after looking at the wrathful destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah; a man being possessed by a fleet of demons that tell the small town rabbi come to exorcise him “We are Legion, for we are many,” before that small town rabbi sends the Legion into a flock of livestock which bolt into nearby water and drown themselves; etc. — this particular passage, which comes from the infamous and final Book of Revelations, is particularly horrific in the classical sense. The passage invokes a sense of primal dread through images of natural destruction and obscure, intense crypticisms like the stars of heaven falling to the earth. Undoubtedly, the Bible gives horror writers a lot to work with in terms of inspiration. 

While most early examples of the horror genre stemmed from religious cautionary tales (see: Lot’s Wife), it wasn’t until further development in horror fiction that we got examples in which the religion itself is the mode of horror, and, more specifically, the devoutness of its followers. Movies like The Wicker Man and Midsommar come to mind, in which an outsider is placed in a bizarre religious cult that, while at first seemingly innocuous, quickly devolves into a terrifying chaos which the outsider protagonist is stuck in the middle of. The devoutness of the religion’s followers and its practices provide a sense of terror to the reader or viewer, inciting a base — almost tribal — fear at what the group in question could be capable of. 

Being me, I would be remiss to not bring up the genre of southern gothicism. The authors of the southern gothic genre are no strangers to religious horror. They often preferred, however, to present the horror of religion as being less concrete and more overarching. The societal impact, the effect on individuals, and the battle between those who are religious and those who aren’t play key parts in what some could argue is a branch of horror. Even if you don’t subscribe to the idea that southern gothicism falls beneath horror, its idea of religion being presented as the point of tension in a narrative is compelling, and quite relevant.

Flannery O’Connor, a benchmark of the southern gothic genre, once stated that “… while the South is hardly Christ-centered, it is most certainly Christ-haunted.” The presence of religion in southern gothicism is less of a central stone upon which everything else is built and more of a looming spectre, hiding between doorways and lingering just out of view. 

Stephen King is no stranger to religion in his writing. The mother of Carrie instantly comes to mind, of course, but so too does The Stand, which King has called a tale of “Dark Christianity.” King has a fascination with faith and how it affects those in situations that threaten their sanity (or lives). It’s important to note how authors like King use religion to create horror. He doesn’t merely bring the concept of Christianity to the reader and present it as being the source of terror, he measures its impact on the characters and allows their responses to create the terror that the reader feels. It’s how Carrie’s mother responds to religion that creates the tension, not the mere presence (or lack thereof) of God. 

Discussion Questions: 

1. How does King write Carrie’s mother’s religiosity in a way that creates tension and horror? 

2. Does our idea of horror come from religion or did religion use horror as a tool for greater effectiveness?


“Drinking Coffee Elsewhere” Write Up by Marie Bradley

“Drinking Coffee Elsewhere” by ZZ Packer is a story that follows Dina, a young, poor black woman with unsteady identity through her first year at Yale; Dina is a surly, self-described misanthrope, singled out on her very first day of class when she says that if she were an object, she would be a revolver so that she could wipe out all of mankind. This statement lands her a year of psychiatric counseling and intrusive visits by campus staff in the name of her health, which she rebuts and avoids. Soon into this, a white stranger knocks on her door, crying, asking to be let in; Dina does not let her in until the stranger starts to recite a poem Dina loves, at which Dina throws open the door and calls her a plagiarist. The stranger turns out to be a young woman named Heidi who has a poetry class with Dina, and Heidi regales her troubles of a boy spreading rumors about their hook up, to which Dina said she thought she was a lesbian, and Heidi says she thought the same of Dina It leads to denial from both, Dina stating she likes no one at all, rejecting Heidi’s advances at friendliness. Dina shortly meets her assigned psychiatrist, Dr. Raeburn, an old, mellow man; briefly, Dina mentions how she hates her father. Heidi continues to try to befriend Dina until eventually, she convinces her to come to the dining hall together. During their meal. Heidi tells Dina about how she’s going on a date with the boy who was spreading rumors, and Dina grows unreasonably upset about this, anger only increasing when a boy hands them an invitation to a gay party. 

Soon after, Dina and Heidi sign up as dishwashers in one of the Yale dining halls, leading to Dina showing Heidi how to kill a mouse stuck in the wall grates. Swiftly is the most painless way, Dina tells Heidi as she personally compares the mouse and her mother’s death but voices none of her genuine internal dialogue, heartless as she makes sure Heidi kills the mouse right. We soon return to another meeting with Dr. Raeburn, who asks Dina why she was so obsessed with the invitation to the gay party, and if she had ever had any romantic interest, following it up by saying he believes she’s having an identity crisis. Dina denies it, covering up by talking about a boy with nice shoes she met once while walking home with groceries, how he was kind and cute and offered to help her carry her groceries home; she conveniently leaves out that this offer made her freak out as she didn’t want a nice boy to see the poor area and home she lived in, and she ran from him. Dina lies to Dr. Raeburn, telling him that the boy and she went home and made out, but she senses the doctor doesn’t believe her, and it leaves her with an odd feeling. She feels jarred for the first time in the story, and when she gets home she thinks of her mother again, lost. 

One night, after Dina and Heidi have just finished their dishwashing shifts late and are alone in the kitchens, Dina proposes they just “shower” with the cleaning guns in the kitchen instead of having to tramp back to the dorms first. Dina does it first without pause or shame, grateful to get clean, but Heidi is more hesitant. Dina stands for none of it, convincing Heidi to strip so she can clean up and shower; it becomes evident that Dina finds Heidi beautiful, and that she loves her in a way she cannot voice. Soon after continues a season of more casual intimacy, Dina and Heidi splitting the bed in Dina’s dorm to sleep, spending all their time in the dorm that winter, etc. One weekend, Dina returns home to Baltimore, and when she returns to campus, it’s ‘Coming Out Day.’ Heidi is at the forefront of a rally for it, proudly declaring herself a lesbian. 

For weeks following, they don’t talk, until Heidi comes to Dina’s room to tell her that her mother is sick; Dina is at a loss of how to respond, words not coming out right. When Dina goes to Dr. Raeburn next, she explains how she said the wrong thing about death, that it is a big thing, but the world didn’t stop when her own mother died. The world doesn’t stop for things like that, so it can’t be a big deal at all. Dr. Raeburn seems to have a revelation, that Dina is “pretending,” but Dina doesn’t get what he means, ultimately ignoring it and pretending still.

Later, Dina gets news that Heidi’s mother has died, and she is invited to accompany Heidi to the funeral, all expenses paid. Dina goes to talk with Heidi about this, and they have their final confrontation as Dina just barely tries to make sense of the romantic aspect of their relationship, while Heidi has moved on and acknowledged that. Heidi’s mother is dead and still, Dina cannot stop pretending. Heidi leaves for the funeral alone, and Dina seems to drop out of school and go back to Baltimore to live with her aunt. She spends her days on the balconies, watching the street, and imagining visiting Heidi in Vancouver where the funeral is; there is but one exception where she imagines a perfect scenario where she is back in the dorm, free of all eyes on her, and Heidi comes to see her alone. 

The chronic tension within the story is Dina’s general repression of her identity and self, while the acute tension is her entering Yale and her relationship with Heidi. 

Dina as the main character is interesting to follow considering that when reading out a list of most of her character traits and the objectives, she seems unlikeable at best. She is blunt, reclusive, and obfuscates her actual feelings beneath layers of muddled thought and meaningless talk, moving almost aimlessly through the story, and yet, Dina is incredibly sympathetic. At the beginning of the story, in the only place she says her own name, she introduces herself as a revolver, a tool of destruction: “My name is Dina, and if I had to be any object, I guess I’d be a revolver,” and perhaps this should mark her as terrible, but then Dina seems to know this is the wrong thing to say the moment it reaches the air. She has an almost painful awareness of where her social cues have gone wrong, how she has irrevocably changed the image of herself in the rest of the gathered group’s eyes… This is but one example, but within the overall story she is blunt, rude, a revolver all in one, and ultimately the person she hurts most through these traits is herself, not others. Dina is not a good person, nor is she ever presented as one from this start, instead being shown as a struggling person whose flaws harm herself and her own relationships. Throughout the story, Dina is both the perpetrator and the victim of her own actions, creating an inherently sympathetic perspective as her life is shown rising and falling in waves. In addition, the way she struggles with her identity, parental relations, and money are familiar, and give a certain understanding, though never a justification, of her actions, generating further interest and sympathy. 

In connection, it is Dina’s character arc that both centers the story and challenges our understanding of how a character arc should work. Salesses has remarkably little to say about character arcs in comparison to other definitions of his; he puts it as “How a character changes or fails to change,” but it’s enough. Does Dina, our main character, really change in this story? At the beginning of her time at Yale, Dina is isolated, coldly analytical, distanced from her own self, and self-destructive; by the end of the story, when she returns to Baltimore, she is still much the same. When she returns to Baltimore, she is still net 0 any kind of close relationship, unsteady in social situations, and unwilling to fully admit/commit to what she feels— that except now she wants, and that cannot be solved by pretending she does not. Dina, from teen years, has built herself on pretending; in one of the last scenes, she has an appointment with Dr. Raeburn, where he finally seems to grasp it saying:

“You construct stories about yourself and dish them out—one for you, one for you—” here he reënacted the process, showing me handing out lies as if they were apples.

Dina pretends that she is who she acts as— careless and cold, pretends her mother’s death did not mean something to her because it didn’t to the world, and, in some ways, pretends that this entire ordeal is only centered on the possibility of her being gay, not her entire fragile identity— balancing her race, class, sexuality, and idea of self. If this were a more standard story, her character arc could be classified neatly as the realization of her possible queerness, but as this story encapsulates a far larger topic, the narrative ends barely past the initial realization, the first possible step into revelation. At the conclusion of Drinking Coffee Elsewhere, Dina wants to have a single, vulnerable moment for the first time in many, many years. She tries to pretend it, imagining that the chance to reunite with Heidi is in a foreign, safely distant place in “some vague time in the future, deliberately vague, for people like me, who realign past events to suit themselves.” Dina attempts to separate the emotional experience from any possible reality, much like she did during the time of her mother’s death, seen earlier in:

[It was] the morning of my mother’s funeral. I’d been given milk to settle my stomach; I’d pretended it was coffee. I imagined I was drinking coffee elsewhere… Some Arabic country where I’d sit in a tented café and be more than happy to don a veil. 

But with her love for Heidi, and her urge to see her again, Dina imagines a situation that is almost tangible:

But once I imagined Heidi visiting me. There would be no psychiatrists or deans. No boys with nice shoes or IP cashiers. Just me in my single room. She would knock on the door and say, “Open up.”

Here, Heidi would come to Dina’s dorm room, as she had so many times, and she would knock in that familiar way; their relationship would not be observed, pressured, analyzed. It would be vulnerable, honest; a type of genuine reality that Dina has pushed away since she was a child. Though Dina returns to Baltimore, seemingly the same as before Yale/ the start of the story, she has now been loved and wants to love, and that is a change, however minute. That is a character arc by Salesses’ own definition, even if thought incomplete by traditional media standards.

In regards to my own writing, I would like to steal/ mimic further the sectioning of the story and the way it feels like this grand middle point that is important on its own but will be passed through, will end and become the beginning of something else. I enjoyed the way Packer never lingered on anything for too long or rather anything that Dina wouldn’t have lingered on; the brief excerpts of the sessions with Dr. Raeburn and the conversation about Heidi’s mother’s cancer stood out in particular as they gave only what we needed to know if not less than that, keeping the dialogue natural and in a constant state of motion. This is also just the type of story that feels like a single part of a person’s long, detailed life; we do not know everything about Dina, honestly, we know fairly little in the grand scheme, but we know this story and we have the reaching tendrils of a life that occurred before this moment and a life that will follow after. The ability to create a sense of context and genuine life within this story amazes me with its careful balancing of how many past details are needed along with the constant question of how resolved any part of someone’s life can be without death. 

Discussion Questions: 

1. How is Heidi’s character arc far distinguished from Dina’s? 

2. How do Matthew Salesses’ ideas of plot also relate to Dina’s character arc or this story at large? possibly w/ these quotes:

Coincidence, routine, unexplainable emotion, even the weather, can be profound. The king dies, and then the queen dies, but the people still have laundry to do, children to feed, love to love, lives that continue in all directions, not each independent of the other, but more meaningful for how they intersect.

&

“start when all but the action is finished” is useful, it is possibly because being in the world is much more about dealing with effects than with causes

“Brownies” Write Up by Edlyn Escoto

Summary:

“Brownies” by ZZ Packer is about a young girl named Laurel (Snot) in a Brownies troop, who don’t really understand the concept of morality. During a trip to a campsite, they hear from one of their fellow troop girls, Arnetta, that a white girl from another Brownie troop called their fellow Daphne the “N” word. Arnetta convinces them to band together and conspire to get away from their leaders to gang up on the other troop. Laurel doesn’t seem to want to do it when she sees how Daphne doesn’t really care, but she goes along with the group anyway due to peer pressure. The girls get in trouble and are punished, then by the time the campout ends, the other girls (sans Daphne and Laurel) have gone back to normal. Laurel shares an anecdote with the other Brownies (at Daphne’s request – and it is here where we finally learn the narrator’s real name) about a family of Mennonites, and how they painted her family’s porch. The chronic tension here is the way the Brownies treat the others in their troop, and the acute tension is their plot against the white girls.

Analysis:

The story “Brownies” portrays the main characters as both the victims and the catalysts of the story’s main problem. The girls aren’t explicitly the bad guys in the story, and their actions are not without cause. The Brownies troop had a ringleader, Arnetta, that told them how to think because they thought she should be respected. In traditional writing there’s usually a main problem that the characters either must contribute to or attempt to fix. Here, as it is told as a story from the future version of the narrator, the girls start out as the catalysts of the eventual climax.

By our second day at Camp Crescendo, the girls in my Brownie troop had decided to kick the asses of each and every girl in Brownie Troop 909.

It would appear as though the story has settled on making the main character and her troop the antagonists of the story. They have made the decision to purposefully attack the other Brownie troop for a reason that seems unfounded. Only the ones that never witnessed what happened aside from an explanation by the ringleader wish to enact revenge. However, by the end of the story, some of the girls have begun to see differently.

I now understood what he meant, and why he did it, though I didn’t like it. When you’ve been made to feel bad for so long, you jump at the chance to do it to others.

At this point you can see how the main character, Laurel, along with a couple of the others, are beginning to understand the real reason why the rest of her troop felt obligated to stand up against who they believed were in the wrong, which brings the idea of Conflict into the story.

As Matthew Salesses states in his analysis and re-defining of craft terms, the conflict is not the main obstacle of a character, but instead a choice with consequences and meaning that must stem from something.

Here, the story portrays his version of a conflict based on the girl’s actions. The girls heard about something that allegedly happened to their fellow Brownie and made their choice on what to do in response to the alleged insult. They then received consequences for their actions as they did the wrong thing for what they chose to believe were the right reasons.

The girls only begin to understand they did something wrong at the very end of the story, after the group learns that the girls of Troop 909 have special needs and some of them could have unintentionally said the insulting word. However, this is also when Arnetta’s story about the insult begins to crumble, and she can’t even tell the troop leaders which of the Troop 909 girls said the insulting word.

The girls in my troop were entirely speechless. Arnetta looked stoic, as though she were soon to be tortured but determined not to appear weak.

While many may assume the main conflict of the story is the troop’s attempt to gang up on and accuse the other Brownie troop at the camp, the conflict is the way the troop treats each other.

The ringleaders of the Brownie troop have decided on a ranking order of who is to be respected and who is not. Laurel, along with some of the others, are on the bottom of the ranking, while Daphne lies somewhere along the top due to one poem she wrote in school that everyone was in awe of. Though Daphne is still not treated with the same respect as the ringleaders, she was also placed higher on the ranking because she was made out to be the focus of the alleged insult.

Everyone looked from Arnetta to Daphne. It was, after all, Daphne who had supposedly been called the name…

This part shows how the group’s real conflict is their treatment of each other – the ranking system of the troop’s members is what causes them to believe Arnetta with flimsy evidence and go along with every single one of her plans.

This story flips the script on what conflict is, proving it is possible to write a story that is styled to deceive the reader. You might think the conflict is one thing, but it turns out to be something completely different from what is expected. To use an example from the story, the girls wouldn’t have gone along with Arnetta’s plan if they hadn’t been in such a conflicting rank system in a troop that isn’t supposed to have ranks.

Discussion Questions:

How does the setting of the story influence the character’s actions and develop the main conflict of the story?

How does the story’s chronic tension influence the rising action of the story?

“Gray Matter” Write Up by Sydney Mills

In “Gray Matter” by Stephen King, our narrator and his friends take shelter from a snowstorm in a local store when a boy barges through the door, whom the protagonist recognizes as Timmy, the son of a man named Richie Grenadine- a recluse man who was involved in a work accident a while back and lives off company compensation. Pale and afraid, he pleads desperately for Henry, the store owner, to bring his dad some beer. As Henry and Timmy talk, the narrator and his friends note that they hadn’t seen Richie for months, though he rarely left his apartment in the first place. Henry sends Timmy upstairs to have a warm meal with his wife before leaving with the other men to bring Richie a case of beers. 

According to what Timmy told Henry, a few months back, Richie drank a bad bottle of beer, causing him to puke. Soon after consuming whatever was in that beer, Richie starts emitting a foul odor and becomes sensitive to light. One day, Richie orders Timmy to turn a light on, and, still covered by a blanket, he reveals that he’s been transforming into an inhuman, gooey creature. Richie tells Timmy that if he even tries to call a doctor, he’ll touch him and turn him into goo as well. Richie’s condition grows worse and he starts to develop a taste for warm beer, ordering Timmy to heat his beverages before serving them to him. One night, Timmy spies on his father through a peephole and sees that he’s more sludge than human. With his son watching, Richie plucks a cat carcass from out the window and devours it. Timmy runs away, horrified. 

After hearing Henry’s account, the men are reluctant to see Richie, but enter the apartment complex anyway. It smells putrid, like a rotting corpse. The men notice that the building is eerily empty of tenants and wonder why Richie hasn’t been evicted. As they ascend the staircase, the air grows hotter and smellier, until they reach Richie’s apartment. The floor is covered in gray goo that’s eaten away at the carpet like an acid. Henry calls for Richie and tells him that they’ve brought him beer. Richie demands that they open the beers for him, push them through the door, and leave. With his gun raised, Henry accuses Richie of eating more than just dead cats, implying that Richie has been responsible for the town’s recent missing persons cases. Richie bursts out the door, and in the two seconds the narrator sees of him before he runs away, appears to be a gray wave of jelly that’s dividing into two. Henry stays back to shoot at the creature as the narrator flees. At the end of the story, the narrator and his friends sit at Henry’s store, and wonder who survived; Henry or the blob. 

The chronic tension of this story, in my opinion, is Richie’s alcoholism that leads him to turn into an inhuman blob creature. The acute tension is Timmy alerting the local men of Richie’s disturbing metamorphosis. 

Like the majority of Stephen King’s work, “Gray Matter” is a work of horror fiction that relates to a disturbing real-world issue; which, in this case, is alcoholism. The character of Richie is defined by a single trait; he’s an alcoholic. This is intentional. Alcohol has consumed so much of his life that he’s no longer human. He considers his own son, flesh and blood, a tool to bring him more alcohol. He’s willing to do virtually anything for his next beer.

Most people would wonder why in the name of God he drank it if it tasted so bad, but then, most people have never seen Richie Grenadine go to his beer. 

What we saw in that one or two seconds will last me a lifetime – or whatever’s left of it. It was like a huge grey wave of jelly, jelly that looked like a man, and leaving a trail of slime behind it. But that wasn’t the worst. Its eyes were flat and yellow and wild, with no human soul in ’em. Only there wasn’t two. There were four, an’ right down the centre of the thing, betwixt the two pairs of eyes, was a white, fibrous line with a kind of pulsing pink flesh showing through like a slit in a hog’s belly. It was dividing, you see. Dividing in two.

King paints Richie’s appearance to be akin to a Lovecraftian creature, though that’s not what makes him truly monstrous. 

Well, Timmy Grenadine was scared bad. He says, ‘Pop, what’s happening to you?’ And Richie says, ‘I dunno. But it don’t hurt. It feels. . kinda nice.’ 

So, Timmy says, ‘I’m gonna call Dr Westphail.’ 

And the blanket starts to tremble all over, like something awful was shaking – all over- under there. And Richie says, ‘Don’t you dare. If you do I’ll touch ya and you’ll end up just like this.’ And he slides the blanket down over his face for just a minute. 

The way Richie treats his son is arguably the most monstrous thing about him. He threatens him, neglects him, and forces him to live in disgusting conditions. Despite all this, Timmy still loves his father. Him being witness to his father’s awful degeneration is what makes this story heartbreaking. The character of Timmy makes “Gray Matter” truly horrifying and elevates it from being just another “monster horror” piece; his story is one that is painfully real for many children who live with parents struggling with addiction. 

The setting of “Gray Matter” is another aspect that adds to the story’s relatability. Richie, as well as all the other characters, is just an average blue collar worker from a small town. He’s someone that you’d see at the grocery store, someone that everyone knows. 

I realized when he said that Richie hadn’t been in for quite some time. Usually he’d be by once a day to pick up a -case of whatever beer was going cheapest at that time, a big –fat man with jowls like pork butts and ham-hock arms. Richie always was a pig about his beer, but he handled it okay when he was working at the sawmill out in Clifton.

Still, his addiction and his neglect of his son is certainly abnormal, even before his transformation began. His peers were dismissive of his disturbing level of alcoholism, very much taking an “oh that’s just Richie being Richie” sort of attitude. No one even noticed that he didn’t leave his apartment for months, his son’s emotional distress, or the fact that he was literally eating people. An entire apartment complex of human beings. The people in this story were let down on many levels; let down by others, who didn’t realize what was happening until it was too late, and let down by law enforcement who didn’t seem to care about the missing people’s cases. Timmy was let down most of all, by seemingly every adult in his life. 

Discussion questions: 

How does Stephen King incite suspense and disgust in the reader? 

How did the narrator’s unique voice contribute to the story?

“All the King’s Horses” Write Up by Christian Hinojosa

Summary

“All the King’s Horses” by Kurt Vonnegut is set during the Cold War from the perspective of an army Colonel named Bryan Kelly. The piece begins with prisoners talking in a room. It is revealed that they are a group of Americans who have been captured by a communist junta in China. Colonel Kelly, and many others have been taken hostage, among them his spouse Margaret Kelly, and his two young sons which are named Paul and Jerry. With the family are several military officers including two pilots and nine soldiers. They were flying to India where they were captured by the communist guerilla leader Pi Ying after a crash landing. Kelly is forced to play a sick game of chess with the lives of his soldiers and family being equivalent to various chess pieces.

Colonel Kelly enters the chamber holding his family and soldiers, having simply been informed what Pi Ying expects of them. It is tough for him to give an explanation for them being kept alive. Pi Ying will pressure Kelly to play him in chess for the lives of the Americans. Worse, Kelly will play the using his fellow prisoners AS human chess pieces. Each prisoner will stand as a chess piece on a large board, and move consistent with Kelly’s commands.

Once the prisoners are moved to the chess room a new character is introduced, the Russian navy observer Major Barzov. Barzov insists he is there as a diplomat, and has no navy authority. After simply lamenting that he can provide no help, Barzov leaves them alone at the large chessboard. Kelly notices that Pi Ying appears keen to delight Major Barzov, who in comparison appears dismissive of the guerilla leader.

 Pi Ying instructs the prisoners that they should do what Colonel Kelly tells them to do, and that they may be killed quick and mercifully if captured through his chessmen. If they try and flee or disobey, however, they may go through a worse fate. If Kelly wins, those who continue to live could be freed, otherwise it is implied they may all be killed. Pi Ying’s chessmen aren’t real humans, they are alternatively life-sized pieced manipulated through his guards. Towards the middle of the game Kelly’s wife Margert is in shock because 4 of the prisoners were killed, and the others are terrified. Kelly notices a manner to win if Pi Ying will flow his knight, however forcing that flow would require Kelly to make a horrible sacrifice, his very own son, Jerry. The prospect is awful, however he views the situation with a cold and strategic outlook. He gives Jerry as bait, which surprises Pi Ying, and pleases Major Barzov. Kelly then realizes in horror as what he pretends turned into a mistake, and begs for them to kill him instead. But Pi Ying falls for the trick, and tells Margaret that her husband has by chance condemned her son to death. She falls over, screaming hysterically at Kelly. The younger Chinese woman additionally reacts dramatically, begging Pi Ying to spare Jerry’s life. But before Pi Ying can seize Jerry, however, the younger Chinese woman stabs him after which herself. Annoyed, Major Barzov orders their bodies to be removed, and Kelly realizes that the Russian has been on top of things the whole time. After teaching them to stay in region, Barzov leaves.

Kelly awakens to the sound of Major Barzov’s voice the sport is resuming. Barzov gives to allow Kelly take the flow again, however Kelly refuses. Intrigued, Barzov resolves to allow Jerry live alive and together along with his mom till the sport is over. Now more assure and confident, Kelly wins the game to the dismay of Barzov who blaims the previous moves of Pi Ying. end wins. However, he comes to a decision to allow Jerry live, and mercifully declares that he’s going to allow them to move free. He provides that, on account that there may be no professional war between the US and Russia.

Acute Tension: Kelly is caught in a moral dilemma of having to sacrifice his friends and family so that some will survive.

Chronic Tension: The hostage crisis and the overarching theme of the Cold War.

Craft Elements and Examples:

A major craft element in the story is characterization. A prime example of characterization through dialogue is quoted below.

“This room was a whim of my predecessors, who for generations held the people in slavery,” said Pi Ying sententiously. “It served nicely as a throne room. But the floor is inlaid with squares, sixty­four of them ­­­ a chessboard, you see? The former tenants had those handsome, man­sized chessmen before you built so that theyand their friends could sit up here and order servants to move them about.” He twisted a ring on his finger. “Imaginative as that was, it remained for us to hit upon this new twist. Today, of course, we will use only the black chessmen, my pieces.” He turned to the restive Major Barzov. “The Americans have furnished their own chessmen. Fascinating idea.” His smile faded when he saw that Barzov wasn’t smiling with him. Pi Ying seemed eager to please the Russian. Barzov, in turn, appeared to regard Pi Ying as hardly worth listening to.

Not only is this in text example highlighting Pi Ying’s disposition through clear diuualouge but also Barzov’s through his silence.

Another example of characterization through dialogue would be in the beginning of the piece during the conversation between the prisoners.

“He considers us prisoners of war,” said Kelly, trying to keep his voice even. “He’d like to shoot us all.” He shrugged. “I haven’t been trying to keep you in suspense, I’ve been looking for the right words ­­­ and there aren’t any. Pi Ying wants more entertainment out of us than shooting us would provide. He’d like to prove that he’s smarter than we are in the bargain.”

This is a quote from Kelly. This quote assists the read in characterizing him and setting up his character traits such as leadership skills and indecisiveness. The quote specifically emphasizes his indecisiveness which is a key plot point throughout the story.

What I would Use from the piece:

This piece is a great example of how characters’ personas shift when placed into difficult circumstances. The characterization and dialogue are the two strongest pillars of the piece and they both flow quite naturally. I would utilize the strategy of “characterization without description” or ‘internal dilemma” if I were writing a piece which involved various people placed in a moral predicament.

2 Questions:

Q: How do the story’s acute and chronic tensions interact/intersect for the climax of the story’s rising action?

A: The chronic tension of the Cold War being an ongoing conflict and the reason why the characters are trapped in the situation in the first place is regularly alluded to in the story. Another ongoing theme in the story is that of sacrifice, as Kelly is forced to sacrifice his men and risk the life of his son to win the game. The acute and chronic tension intersect towards the climax of the story when this reality of sacrifice is truly realized by Kelly who creates a trap with his own son as he sees it as the only way to win his game of chess, which is just a metaphor for the Cold War.

Q: How does the story use image/setting/etc. to develop its theme?

 A: The story uses the setting to develop the theme by establishing a theme of fear and mystery via utilizing a dark, enclosed, and unknown area where the protagonist is trapped and far away from home.

“The Syndicated Man” Write Up by Gabriela Mejia

Summary

In “The Syndicated Man” by Lonnie Russo, our main character starts the story off by making pizza in the microwave with a thunderstorm going on in the background. They get frustrated at this appliance but eventually make it work. They are also frustrated with their neighbor upstairs making noise. They then sit down on the couch reflecting on their past. Apparently, 2 years ago to the day Michael, a wonderful chef, foody, and man who adored alphabet magnets, was making food while our main character was watching a game show. The main character mentions that they feel sorry about the way they acted that day. We then jump back to the present where our main character is watching “buzzwords,” a game show. All of the sudden the storm picks up and turns the T.V. off. The main character goes over to unplug and plug the cord. As they do this they are transported into the game show as a basic character named John Smith. They are stuck being this character and feel trapped while competing for a kitchen set. They then play a game with alphabet letters. John is very bad at this game and our main character feels as if they are being punished and are perhaps in hell and or dead. By some miraculous blessing, John guesses the phrase and wins the game. Another phrase is started, as this happens the main character gains control of their arms. They then gain control of their voice and start questioning what’s going on. The host and hostess then start acting real. As a commercial happens, Buddy, the host then turns on our main character letting them know that they can’t escape this game show. The bonus round then happens and our main character then wins by solving the phrase “I forgive myself.” This thrusts them back into their body to where they decide to help their apartment neighbor.

Acute and chronic tension

The chronic tension of this piece is our main character’s unresolved friendship with Michael and how it ended.

The acute tension of this piece is the fact that it is the 2nd anniversary of the big event that happened with Michael.

What makes the story compelling or interesting to read?

The conflict of this piece makes it compelling and interesting to read. Our main character has some sort of history with someone named Michael. They could have been friends and or more than that, I am not certain. But most importantly, whatever they had drifted apart. At one point the two were close and then they weren’t. Throughout the story, our main character longs for what once was and reflects on the past wishing they did more. I personally have lost a friendship and understand how hard this can be. This fact alone also made the conflict more compelling. If one were to identify what type of conflict this it would be a mixture of man vs. man and man vs. self since the other man is not out of the picture. Below are three of my favorite bits of symbolism that create and are key points to the conflict in the story.

Spinning in a little circle, red gown flashing, she then tugged open the microwave to allow a multicolored pile of alphabet magnets to spill forth from within.

“Tonight, our contestants are competing for a stunning new kitchen set.”

And by now, Carla had emerged to point at everything, but I barely saw her. Even from this vantage point, unable to move on my own, I could catch my reflection in the oven door.

Compare what you think of your craft vs. Mattew Salesses

Mathew Salesses says that “The author must make a choice, and whatever conflict ends up in the story is exactly that: a choice, with consequences and meaning.” The conflict drives the story and a story must have a conflict, otherwise, there would be no character arc, plot, and or anything else.

Mathew Salesses also mentions that “My problem is moral. Straight-cis able white male fiction has a tendency to present the world as a matter of free will. The problems are caused by the self and can be solved by the development of the self. And somehow both external and internal conflict is like this.” I agree with them on this argument. I do not know what race, and or gender, and or sexuality my character is. But from what I understand they are portrayed to be a man, maybe a gay man. The main character can solve their own problems by the end of the story just as Salesses said. There are instances in which one can’t fix their problems because they are not in control. I thoroughly enjoyed the conflict of this piece; however, it does fall under certain stereotypes.

Last and but not least Salesses mentions “How much of the conflict you face is caused by your own actions? How much is on you? This is a question that has every implication for how to read the contexts of race, class, gender, ability, sexuality, etc.” This quote just proves that an author must think of how their world-building affects their conflict. Not many authors do this and I have to say this piece did not consider this.

What is surprising in this story?

The fact that our main character does not have a name in this story was surprising to me. I think in a way this was done on purpose. The main character feels lots of shame for how things ended with Michael. They carry this burden that is noticeable two years later. Their game show character has a name and this character from what was explained to us is not experiencing conflict. I wonder if the author did this on purpose. Maybe the main character will gain a name when they can figure out what is going on.

What can you find to imitate or use in your own writing?

This story uses lots of metaphors, similes, and symbolism. The alphabet letters, the kitchen genre, and game shows. I could imitate these symbols in my own writing. I did not actually pick up on these underlying details the first time reading the story. It was when I really started nit-picking at it that I noticed the coincidences. The description of Michael gained so much value with these symbols existing and made more sense to the end. I love subtle ways to insert backstory and I think this would be a great one. I would love to imitate this in my own writing.

Make a writing prompt of it

Write a piece in which you have an unexpected dream. In this dream take something you are wondering and concerned about in real life and make a game show out of it. For example, if you are worried about your math test that is coming up. You write about a dream in which your grade is put as the prize and you have to gain it back.

What “moves” did the author make with respect to the characterization that you yourself could make?

The author added the dislikes of our main character in this story. The more information you have on a character the better their characterization is. There is a scene in which the main character does not like their pizza. Typically pizza is a very likable food. This makes the reader pause and think for a second. Including some of the characters’ dislikes about any topic would be moves of characterization that I myself could make.

What can I learn from this piece that will help me write my own pieces?

I have learned from this piece how to smoothly try and accomplish transitions in writing. I personally have a hard time changing settings, timeframes, and or circumstances in my writing. It all just seems so fast and sharp. In this piece, there was a buildup to the transition moment and the reader was explained simply what happened. The main character also expressed their feelings very well in this transition. When being put into a different realm one would be very surprised. Sometimes authors forget about this emotion and write their character as if they have no problem with it. Throughout the entire game show, our main character knew something was up. I liked how they slowly gained control of their new world. This story has taught me how to smooth out my transitions.

2 discussion questions

What do you think was the point of the neighbor’s dilemma?

Why do you think the main character does not have a name? (The game show character name is not them)

“The Slows” Write Up by Elissa Parker Alexander

  1. Summary

In the short story “The Slows” by Gail Hareven, the plot follows a researcher who catalogues the lives of the Slow people, when a few days before the closing of the Preserves, a Slow woman sneaks into his home to make a final plea for them not to take the children. Throughout the conversation, the narrator tries to no avail to convince the woman that accelerated growth is the correct option while trying to hold back his disgust for the “human larvae” she brought with her. The woman’s child begins crying, much to the discomfort of the narrator, who muses about the child’s ability to be a fully functioning human being if the mother accepted accelerated growth. The narrator goes to fetch the woman some water, during which the mother begins rocking her baby. Our unnamed narrator feels a sudden compassion for the woman and her child and touches the mother on her shoulder. The woman recoils from the touch, angering the narrator to push the button to call the guards.

The acute tension is the woman being in the narrator’s office, and the chronic tension is the shut-down of the Preserves.

  • Craft Element

This story is compelling due to the lens we see it through, our main character and the narrator. This man, despite his study and interest in the Slows, still looks down on them. The story is told from the point of view of the researcher, giving us a biased and negative view of the Slows, especially the woman presented in the narrator’s office, but it also tells us a lot about our protagonist. Salesses coins character as: “what makes this character different from everyone else.” In this case, the difference between the narrator and his companions is that he does not immediately press the button to have the Slow woman removed.

I didn’t even consider reaching for the button to call the guards…the people most likely to be attacked were the policemen and the missionaries, not me.

Even after his life is threatened, the narrator allows the woman to stay. The narrator is readily content with the woman, unbothered by her appearance. However, when she brings her baby out, he is immediately repulsed by “the human larvae” which is just a normal human baby. Despite having children of his own, the narrator defiles the baby in his thoughts, comparing it to his own fully grown children that he couldn’t even stand to look at.

I knew that my stomach wouldn’t be able to stand the sight of a squirming pinkish creature…the Slows appeared to enjoy the helplessness of their larvae—the lack of humanity, the deplorable fervor of the little creatures, their muteness, their mindless appetites, their selfishness, their ignorance, their inability to act.

The narrator also thinks of himself as highly superior to the woman, as if a simple conversation with him would change her entire lifestyle. He gives a propaganda-like spiel about the benefits of accelerated growth, mindlessly preaching, inwardly judging the woman’s every action, believing his point of view to be the only correct one. The narrator truly demeans both of the Slow subjects in his presence, treating them with the kind of condescension you would a child who doesn’t know any better, which is ironic, considering the lack of children in the world outside the preserves. His hefty belief that he can convince the woman to give her child up is shattered at the end of the story, but he does not even begin to see himself in the wrong.

I watched the two tired bodies moving together, and knew that soon, very soon, there would be an end to their suffering. The larva would become a man in control of his body, and she would accept it and smile. With clarity I saw that image, and, as though to transmit it to her, I reached out and placed my hand on her shoulder.

When the woman rejects what he saw as a merciful touch, he expells her immediately, speaking to his strong sense of belief in his way of life. He is only interested in the Slows as a subject, a spectacle, instead of as people he can sympathize with or understand. The narrator is extremely cold towards the woman and her child, both of which are considered first priority in our world today.

Salesses also remarks on the importance of what a character does and does not do. In the face

  • Takeaways

What I can use/ imitate in my writing is the clear establishment of the world used in the piece. The narrator speaks about accelerated growth and the Slows way of life without throwing exposition bombs  therefore  allowing the reader to uncover the narrator’s bias for themselves. The author trusts the reader to make conclusions and doesn’t spoonfeed anything to the audience. This technique is one I struggle with, as I often over explain, especially when creating a whole new world or situation. But the way it is done in this story without being overbearing or too abstract is the perfect medium that I can definitely apply and imitate to improve my own work.

  •  Discussion Questions
  1. What effect do you think the loss of childhood would have on human development, if any?
  2. How does the narrator’s point of view demonize and defile something as conventionally heartwarming/heartbreaking as a woman pleading for her child?